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Supplemental jurisdiction
Supplemental jurisdiction is the authority of United States federal courts to hear additional claims substantially related to the original claim even though the court would lack the subject-matter jurisdiction to hear the additional claims independently. is a codification of the Supreme Court's rulings on ancillary jurisdiction (''Owen Equipment & Erection Co. v. Kroger'', ) and pendent jurisdiction (''United Mine Workers of America v. Gibbs'', ) and a superseding of the Court's treatment of pendent party jurisdiction (''Finley v. United States'', ).
Historically there was a distinction between pendent jurisdiction and ancillary jurisdiction. But, under the ruling in ''Exxon'', that distinction is no longer meaningful. Supplemental jurisdiction refers to the various ways a federal court may hear either: state law claims, claims from parties who lack the amount in controversy requirement of diversity jurisdiction, when defendants are joined in claims, or when multiple plaintiffs are joined in claims, like in class action suits.
==Definition==
By default, courts have supplemental jurisdiction over "all other claims that are so related . . . that they form part of the same case or controversy" (§ 1367(a)). The true test being that the new claim "arises from the same set of operative facts." This means a federal court hearing a federal claim can also hear substantially related state law claims, thereby encouraging efficiency by only having one trial at the federal level rather than one trial in federal court and another in state court. However, if the case is brought as a diversity action (i.e., the basis for federal jurisdiction is that each defendant comes from a state different than each plaintiff), there generally is no supplemental jurisdiction if such claims would destroy complete diversity. See ''Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Allapattah Services, Inc.'' Courts are also free to decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction in specified or exceptional circumstances (§ 1367(c)).
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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